Casanare boasts sixteen ecosystems encompassing plains, high plains, Andean rainforests, and páramo (high-altitude moorland). Cattle ranching is the region's most important economic activity.

Oil exploitation in the municipalities of Aguazul and Tauramena and in the fields of Cusiana and Cupiagua has been of great importance in recent years, as well as agriculture, mainly with the cultivation of rice, plantain, cassava, African palm, fruit trees and cotton.

The Casanare native is an expert craftsman, hunter, and fisherman; he is known for his construction of thatched huts and is traditional in celebrating religious festivals such as Holy Week, the festival of Saint Rita, the day of the Holy Cross, and Christmas.

Typical wildlife in this region includes the white-tailed deer, capybara, scarlet ibis, howler monkey, as well as the jaguar, the black anaconda, the Orinoco crocodile, and the four-nosed viper. The Orinoco region is also home to more than 300 species of birds, mostly aquatic.

The Orinoquía region is made up of diverse ecosystems, including plant formations corresponding to moorlands, forests, shrublands, savannas, lagoons, rivers, and anthropized habitats.

The flora of this region is mostly concentrated within El Tuparro National Natural Park, a designated Biosphere Reserve. The savannas, rivers, crystal-clear streams, and especially the gallery forests are an unparalleled tourist attraction.